The seemingly endless crisis in the
Middle East and the fury of radical fundamentalist groups around the world make
me think once again of past insights concerning the seemingly endless battle
between the word and the image.
“In the eight century, a sect
arose from within the ranks of its highly literate clergy that so despised
images that its members declared an all-out war against statues and paintings.
. . . At first, they sought out only
religious images to smash. Church mosaics, painted icons, and stained-glass
artistry fell to their savage assaults.”
“Later their targets also included
painters, sculptors and craftsmen. They even murdered those whose crime it was
to love art. Monks who resisted were blinded and had their tongues torn out.
The iconoclasts beheaded the Patriarch of the Eastern Church in 767 for refusing
to support their cause.”
“The iconoclast movement never
spread to illiterate Western Europe; its madness consumed only the segment of
Christendom that boasted the highest literacy rate. Artists fled for their
lives from Byzantium, heading for the western court of Charlemagne whose
largely illiterate courtiers welcomed them with open arms.”
Ancient Events, Modern Insights
When we are trying to understand
something fundamental about human beings and the human brain, it seems wise to
look, as much as possible, to other ages and other cultures to see the full
range of what we need to consider. This is effectively what has been provided
by Leonard Shlain in his book The
Alphabet Versus the Goddess: The Conflict Between Word and Image (quoted
above, pp. 275 ff).
Shlain, a surgeon from Mill
Valley, California, spent seven years drawing together elements from many
cultures and thousands of years of history to weave a narrative and an argument
about the sometimes catastrophic interplay of image, alphabetic writing,
religion, gender relationships and human history.
For the vast sweep of the topic,
Shlain's achievement is astonishing -- although it is not always entirely convincing.
One does not have to accept all of Shlain's argument, however, to be persuaded
that he is dealing with a topic that is well worth our attention. His view is
bold and he delivers new insights and information that substantially enlarges
our understanding of important historical dynamics -- as well as helping us,
strangely, with developing a more insightful understanding of some of the main
issues of your time.
While on a tour of Mediterranean
archaeological sites years ago, Shlain was told that many shrines had
originally been consecrated to a female deity. Then, later, “for unknown
reasons, unknown persons reconsecrated” the shrines to a male deity. After some
consideration, Shlain “was struck by the thought that the demise of the
Goddess, the plunge in women's status, and the advent of harsh patriarchy and
misogyny occurred around the time that people were learning how to read and
write.”
He wondered whether “there was
something in the way people acquired this new skill that changed the brain’s actual
structure.” Shlain points out that in the developing brain, “differing kinds of
learning will strengthen some neuronal pathways and weaken others.”
Applying what is known of the
individual brain to that of a whole culture, Shlain “hypothesized that when a
critical mass of people within a society acquire literacy, especially alphabet
literacy, left hemispheric modes of thought are reinforced at the expense of
right hemispheric ones. . . .” This change resulted, he proposed, in “a decline
in the status of images, women's rights, and goddess worship.”
Using Both Sides
In developing this approach,
Shlain points out that his own occupation as surgeon (and as an associate
professor of surgery) probably has contributed in significant ways. By
selection, training and daily work, it is often observed that surgeons have to
move constantly back and forth between right hemisphere and left hemisphere
modes of thought. Accordingly, Shlain observes that his “unique perspective led
[him] to propose a neuroanatomical hypothesis to explain why goddesses and
priestesses disappeared from Western religions.”
The experience of surgeons is thus
substantialy unlike that of many scholars and historians. The latter are
expected (in an imprecise yet useful oversimplification) to use mainly one side
only -- the left side of the brain, the world of words, grammar, logic and
highly specialized analysis. Less weight is given to the pictures, images and
the large-scale, global view so characteristic of the right side of the brain.
It is widely recognized in some
circles that there is often a tradeoff between verbal and visual skills. This
tradeoff is recognized in the half-serious joke sometimes told by
neuroscientists: “Never trust a surgeon who can spell.” If you are too good with
the mechanics of writing, perhaps you may not be good enough with the mechanics
of visualizing, locating and removing a dangerous tumor. Unlike many others,
surgeons need to be both “bookish” and “hands on.”
Two Hemispheres Through History
Years ago, when I was researching
my earlier book, In the Mind's Eye, I
found that always in the background, behind and under every story and every
neurological observation, was my own awareness of the larger implications of
the dual nature of the two hemispheres of the human brain. I was aware that
this then relatively new understanding of the brain provided the larger context
for most of the things I was writing. (While we have since learned that the
roles of the two hemispheres is more complex than previously thought, the
contrasting functions are still useful ways of thinking about the brain and
cognitive processes.)
Along with this awareness,
however, came a quiet but persistent series of questions. If we are now, in
fact, moving from a present world largely based on words to an emerging new
world increasingly based on images, has this happened before in other periods
of history and how did it happen? In the past, were there whole societies and
cultures largely based on right-hemisphere kinds of knowledge -- as ours seems
to be based largely on left-hemisphere forms of knowledge and understanding?
What would be the main consequences of following one approach over the other?
What is gained and what is lost in each direction? And what happens to various
factions and power groups within these societies when there is a substantial
change in one direction or another?
The New Technology of Writing
I wondered why certain religions
and certain cultures seem to revere the written word and the book so very
highly (two relatively new technologies in the long history of the human race) --
and seem so ready, from time to time, to explode with a destructive force full
of fear and hatred for images and everything linked to them? And what might all
this mean for us today if we are, in fact, beginning to go through such a major
change once again? I knew just enough of history to suspect that there was a
major story to be told. But these questions were outside the scope of my own
research -- and I had no time to look into them further.
Years later, Shlain's wide-ranging
analysis has provided a rich and thought-provoking series of insights into
these questions. His observations show some of the wonderful possibilities, but
also some of the frightening prospects. It is the kind of book that holds your
attention long after you have put it down -- turning the evidence and arguments
over in your mind, returning to passages, trying to see whether or not the
pattern holds -- and trying to sort out what it might mean for our own times.
It is a very different picture
from what we are usually given. It is full of ideas that many will find very
hard to accept. Sometimes he seems to push his material too hard to make it fit
his thesis. However, in the end, his perspective may prove to be far more
perceptive and pertinent than many more conventional interpretations.
In a series of 35
tightly-constructed chapters, Shlain surveys an enormously broad territory -- “Image/Word,”
“Hunters/Gatherers,” “Right Brain/Left Brain,” “Hieroglyphs/Isis,” “Abraham/Moses,”
“Athens/Sparta,” “Taoism/Confucianism,” “Jesus/Christ,” “Muslim Veils/Muslim
Words,” “Mystic/Scholastic,” “Protestant/Catholic,” “Sorcery/Science,”
“Page/Screen.” With example after example, he attempts to show that, in
general, the old goddess-linked, polytheistic religions are more concerned with
the cycles of life, more tolerant, less given to religious warfare and tended
to exhibit the values and perspectives of the right hemisphere.
The newer, literacy-linked,
monotheistic religions, on the other hand, are more given to single-minded
pursuit of narrow group goals, are often intolerant and self-righteous in the
extreme, can be extraordinarily savage in extended religious warfare (in spite
of peaceful religious teachings they pretend to follow) and tend to exhibit the
values and narrow perspectives typical of the left hemisphere of the brain.
Shlain argues that these changes
were brought about, remarkably, by learning to use alphabetic writing systems.
“Aside from obvious benefits that derived from their ease of use, alphabets
produced a subtle change in cognition that redirected human thinking. . . .
Alphabets reinforced only half of the dual strategy that humans had evolved to
survive. . . .”
Each part of this “duality
perceived and reacted to the world in a different way; a unified response
emerged only when both complementary halves were used.” “All forms of writing increase the left
brain's dominance over the right.” Learning to read and write “supplants all-at-once gestalt perception with a
new, unnatural, highly abstract one-at-a-time
cognition.”
New Thoughts About The New World
Consequently, according to Shlain,
the rapid spread of literacy and inexpensive printed materials with Gutenberg's
press in 1454 had mixed results. “The rapid rise of literacy rates wrought by
the printing press was a boon to European science, literature, poetry, and
philosophy. And yet it seemed no country could escape the terrible religious
upheaval that inevitably followed the march of the metal letters.” Shlain
provides detailed descriptions of the religious wars of this period.
The possibilities inherent in one
predisposition versus another is probably most clear in Shlain's speculations
about the discovery of the New World. If the Old World discoverers had been
more tolerant and less single-minded, he argues, this sad period of history
might have been very different. “Had the discovery and invasion of the New
World been undertaken by a culture other than sixteenth-century Europeans
driven mad by the printing press, a different scenario might have ensued. In
the fourth century B.C., Alexander the Great made peace treaties with Dravidian
tribes in India and Scythians in Thrace; people as exotic as any he would have
encountered in America. Unencumbered by the intolerance that comes with
alphabet monotheism, Alexander did not feel compelled to eradicate the local
religions and enslave the native populations.”
Alternatively, “If Julius Caesar
had discovered the New World, would he have destroyed the local population,
stolen their lands, and rooted out their culture? Likely not. This wise pagan
would have forged alliances, fostered trade, and treated the people with
respect.” This should be expected, according to Shlain, because this is the
policy he actually pursued with the “blue-painted Celts and Pics.”
Dangers of Early Literacy – Text Justifications
for Slaughter
It is noteworthy that in Shlain's
view, the most dangerous historical times appear to be soon after the growth
and establishment of widespread literacy. The more people learned to read, the
more likely they were going to find good and authoritative reasons to begin
slaughtering each other.
It is doubtful whether this insight
will be a popular view among the growing numbers of well-intentioned literacy
programs.
However, perhaps we can be
grateful that in the US and other advanced economies we are now mostly working
on the last few percentage points -- rather than the first burst of
broad-spread literacy, as in other parts of the world, especially certain
developing countries.
For the advanced economies, apparently,
the dangerous period has largely passed. However, for countries with large
numbers of newly literate peoples (or formerly backward regions within advanced
countries), the dangerous period has just begun -- giving us a new and
troubling perspective on the raising militancy of fundamentalist religions in
so many areas. If so, we must ask, what on Earth can be done?
Unnoticed Pattern
Shlain gives us an unsettling
picture of what can happen with the rapid spread and deep effects of a powerful
technology -- reading, writing and the book. In his Epilogue, however, he
apologizes for his criticism of the books he loves so dearly. “Throughout, as a
writer, as an avid reader, and as a scientist, I had the uneasy feeling that I
was turning on one of my best friends.”
However, he felt that he had to point out the “pernicious side effect”
of literacy which “has gone essentially unnoticed.”
Hoping For A New Balance
What is most important is finding
a new balance once again. He notes that “even when we become aware that
literacy has a downside, no reasonable person would . . . recommend that people
not become literate. Instead, we seek a renewed respect for iconic information,
which in conjunction with the ability
to read, can bring our two hemispheres into greater equilibrium and allow both
individuals and cultures to become more balanced.”
The promise of this new balance
leads Shlain to foresee a brighter future. “I am convinced,” he asserts, “we
are entering a new Golden Age -- one in which the right-hemispheric values of
tolerance, caring, and respect for nature will begin to ameliorate the
conditions that have prevailed for the too-long periods during which
left-hemispheric values were dominant. Images, of any kind, are the balm
bringing about this worldwide healing.”
As we observe the continuing growth
of computer images in many forms – in science, informtion, medicine and
entrertainment – we may hope that Shlain is correct in his future expectation
of a new balance.
However, we may also hope that we
will not see a revival of those who are single-minded in their love only for
the written word, smashing images on every side in their passionate intensity.
Passionate Hatred of Images
Years ago we might have wondered
whether the image hatred and actions of historically distant Christian
fundamentalists or Islamic fundamentalists bear on our interests today.
However, it becomes increasingly clear that these issues seem to be more relevant
with each passing year and each passing month.
We may wonder whether we may be
going through one of those portentous periods where world events and mass media
may be dramatically shaped once again by the age old battle between the image
haters and the image lovers.
The more the modern world seems to
move forward, the more these ancient patterns seem to hold – with radicals on
all sides using the newest technologies to make a hell on Earth in support of
an imagined former or future perfect time.
It is clear that images still stir
deep passions -- however, with a curious reverse twist of which many seem to be
unaware. Years ago, in an article on the film, “The Passion,” art critic Paul
Richard pointed out that the film depends heavily on the literal and bloody
depictions of the crucifixion of Christ characteristic of the
Counter-Reformation art from within the Catholic Church. Indeed, Richard
observed that the great irony here is that the avowed target audience for the
film, evangelical Christians, seems to be attracted to the same literal and
bloody depictions that were used as a weapon against their own theological
ancestors long ago. Such images were hated by the early reformation, yet their
theological descendents have come to embrace them.
How did all this come to be? In
Richard’s words, “Martin Luther’s Reformation was a theological rebellion. No
longer would the rebels accept the pope in Rome, or the hierarchy he led, or
the Latin of the Mass and of the Vulgate Bible, which most of them could neither
read nor understand.” They wanted their own Bible, in their own language so
they could understand and interpret the scriptures for themselves. “They didn’t
need the pope, they didn’t need his saints, they didn’t need his priests, and --
as some began insisting--they didn’t need his art.”
They realized that the art of the
Catholic Church, and especially the art of the Counter-Reformation, was a
counter attack on their own call for an end to all image making (as they
believed was required by scripture) and for extreme simplicity in all things.
As Richard notes, this desire for simplicity is still evident among American
Protestant buildings. “That plainness is still seen in the clean, white
clapboard churches scattered through New England, in the Quaker meeting houses
of Pennsylvania, all the way to the Crystal Cathedral in Orange County, Calif.
No Catholic paintings taint these sanctuaries.”
Reminding his readers of the
historical events, Richard gives some detail about the Reformation’s role in
destroying many works of art through a hatred of images of all kinds. “On
August 10, 1566, at Steenvoorde in Flanders, a Calvinist preacher named
Sebastian Matte told his listeners to go and smash the art of the Catholic
churches. Ten days afterward, the cathedral at Antwerp was methodically
trashed.”
Although Richards does point out
that “later, under Catholic rule, Rubens was commissioned to re-do [the
catheral’s] splendor,” the fate of most churches and cathedrals in Protestant
areas was grim indeed. “Such spasms of enthusiastic image-breaking erupted in
the British Isles for most of the next century. ‘Lord, what work was here!’
lamented the Bishop of Norwich in 1647. ‘What clattering of glasses! What
beating down of walls!’ ”
Eventually, after years of The English
Civil War in the mid 1600s, the image haters came to be in full control of
England. In time, they found full justification and reason to chop off the head
of their King, Charles I. With the same singleminded intensity as any Islamic
fundamentalist, Oliver Cromwell, defeated the English Royalist forces and
slaughtered the Catholic Irish with extreme brutality. Later, the English
people, after years of puritanical and repressive rule by Cromwell and his
supporters, had had enough of it and brought back the king’s son and restored
him to the throne -- releasing a rebirth of creativity and vitality rarely seen
before or since.
As Kenneth Clark observed, the Restoration
of Charles II in 1660, “ended the isolation and austerity which had afflicted
England for almost fifteen years. As so often happens, a new freedom of
movement led to an outburst of pent-up energy. There are usually men of genius
waiting for these moments of expansion, like ships waiting for high tide. . .
.” Sometimes such extreme measures led to a new restoration of balance and a
new burst of creativity.
A More Ancient and Kindly Islam
The surprisingly central role of
the image in current world events is strikingly evident in a book about
problems of democracy by Fareed Zakaria. Zakaria argues that “If there is one
great cause of the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, it is the total failure of
political institutions in the Arab world. Islamic fundamentalism got a
tremendous boost in 1979 when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini toppled the staunchly
pro-American shah of Iran. The Iranian Revolution demonstrated that a powerful
ruler could be taken on by groups within society. It also revealed how in a
developing society even seemingly benign forces of progress -- for example,
education -- can add to the turmoil.”
Zakaria observes that over past
centuries Islam was far more adaptable and flexible than what we see today.
“Until the 1970s most Muslims in the Middle East were illiterate and lived in villages and towns. They practiced a
kind of village Islam that had adapted itself to local cultures and to normal
human desires. Pluralistic and tolerant, these villagers often worshiped
saints, went to shrines, sang religious hymns, and cherished art -- all
technically disallowed in Islam.”
All this was changed by more
recent historical forces (in some measure not unlike the Protestent Reformation
in the West hundreds of years ago): “By the 1970s, however, these societies
were being urbanized. People had begun moving out of their villages to search
for jobs in towns and cities. Their religious experience was no longer rooted
in a specific place with local customs and traditions. At the same time they were learning to read and they
discovered that a new Islam was being preached by a new generation of writers,
preachers, and teachers. This was an abstract
faith not rooted in historical experience but literal and puritanical -- Islam of the high church as opposed to
Islam of the street fair.”
It is striking how well this brief
aside in Zakaria’s book seems to fit Shlain’s main argument. (For emphasis, I
have added italics.) It is fair to assume that Zakaria knows little or nothing
about Shlain’s book and argument. Yet, there is a persuasive convergence.
Whether Taliban or Al Qaeda, Islam’s puritanical fundamentalists are intent
upon destroying images in all forms, just as they are intent upon destroying
all tolerant and progressive institutions -- in a manner strikingly similar to
the puritanical Protestant Christian fundamentalists of long ago.
It is remarkable how this passage
reveals how much these patterns still dominate our times and how modern
political commentators, however well informed, seem to be completely unaware of
a larger pattern of which their current concerns are but the most recent
manifestation.
We might hope that over the longer
term, unfolding conditions might be more favorable to image lovers, as well as to
tolerance in general. However, in the short run, it would appear that the image
haters and image smashers may continue to shape world events in the familiar
age-old pattern.
References and Readings
Clark, Kenneth, 1969. Civilisation--A Personal View. New York,
NY: Harper and Row.
Fraser, Antonia, 1973. Cromwell: Our Chief of Men. London:
Phoenix.
Hunt, Tristram, 2002. The English Civil War: At First Hand.
London: Phoenix.
Richard, Paul, 2004. “So Much
Irony in This Passion,” Washington Post,
February 29, 2004, pp. B1-B5.
Shlain, Leonard Shlain, 2000. The Alphabet Versus the Goddess--The
Conflict Between Word and Image. New York, NY.
West, Thomas G., 2004. Thinking Like Einstein. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. (This blog is partly based on chapter 14 which in turn was based on an article prepared for ACM-SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics.)
Zakaria, Fareed, 2003. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy
at Home and Abroad. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
