Recently, I came across a short piece I had written years
ago. I think it is still very relevant to our interests when we try to
understand the great value of visual thinking and visual technologies as we
focus on “seeing what others cannot see.”
“When the World Plague Was
Stopped by a Digital Artist”
by Thomas G. West
“The future of
humanity and microbes likely will unfold as episodes of a suspense thriller
that could be titled Our Wits Versus Their Genes.”
-- Dr. Joshua Lederberg, Science magazine, 2000
“Our initial hope was to find some weakness in [the] Mao [plague virus]
that we could exploit. But what we found scared the living daylights out of us.
. . . What we discovered [was that] . . . in hours, it converted the entire
immune system into an ally. We were devastated. [But in time we realized that]
we had the human genome nailed, and we had the Mao genome nailed. And we had
that marvelous [broadband Internet virtual reality] system for communicating
among scientific minds. We used the system to design a new human killer T-cell
-- the Mao [plague virus] Killer T. . . .
“How did you do that?
“Actually, it wasn't me; that was Javier's idea.
“But I thought Javier was a graphic
designer, not a scientist.
“Which is probably why he cracked it, and we didn't. He worked out the
simulation routines that showed how [the] Mao [virus] did the cell intrusion
and subversion. And he became fascinated with membrane geometry, not knowing
anything about protein electrochemistry or synthesis. For him it was just a
graphics puzzle, and he played around with the simulations until he found a
surface that would turn the probe back on itself. All we'd asked him to do was
modify the program. . . . We thought . . . he would just create a simple
command. Instead, he solved the problem of armoring, because if you can
simulate it, you can order it up in wetware. When we saw the demo, the [lab]
went silent. Absolute silence for perhaps 30 seconds. Then everybody started
talking frantically.”
-- Interview excerpt from the fictional story “Savior
of the Plague Years 1996-2020,” Wired
Scenarios, 1995
Our
Wits Versus Their Genes
It is
our wits against their genes--and their fast evolution. And it will always be
so.
We
now understand that we can never live without the microbes. We used to think
they were the enemy. Now we can see clearly that they are essential supports
for our lives and our world. Finally, we have learned to think more in terms of
ecology than warfare, interdependence rather than elimination. Yet we now also
know that we can never stop finding new ways to protect ourselves from their
occasional pathological outbreaks (and, worse, our own stupidity). We can never
adapt through our own genes as quickly as they can--so, we must find other
ways. We must use our wits and we must learn to use all the different kinds of
cleverness and inventiveness that we have among us. And we can never stop. (1)
When
I read Joshua Lederberg's wonderful short essay in Science on how we have come to understand the fundamental nature of
infectious disease, I was immediately reminded of the Wired short science fiction story excerpted above. This story has
stayed with me, recurring to mind from time to time, since I first read it
years ago. A good test of a good piece. I thought there might be a special
connection between the two that would be of interest to those who know
something about the near-term and longer-term prospects for computer graphics.
Initially,
it is a bold and almost silly idea--the world being saved by a digital artist--during
a fictional time of global plague where small surviving colonies were linked by
a diminished but still functioning Internet. Yet, the way the story is told,
the idea gained unexpected credibility. And behind the story there is a greater
question and possibly a deeper understanding--one that we have been dealing
with for some time in its various aspects.
That
is, of course, does the skill, the technology, the kind of mind and the special
experience of the digital artist actually lend itself distinctly to solving
certain kinds of problems better than others? And might these solutions (one
day) have unexpectedly broad impact? Perhaps we have a short story here that
could be making a statement that has greater weight than many volumes of science
or policy or procedure. Considering the enduring importance of the topic, it
would appear that it could be of special interest to many beyond the
comparatively small world of computer graphics. And, considering the more
recent history since 2000 of global threats from SARS, anthrax, mad cow disease
and bird flu, it would seem that all of us would have a deeper and more
enduring interest. (2)
Just
a Graphics Puzzle
I had
long admired the Wired Scenarios
story because it seemed to capture in a few words (and provocatively doctored
photographs), my own long-held belief--that the visual approach has a special
power for seeing patterns and solving problems which is not properly or fully
appreciated. Too often, it is assumed that what is wanted is to know a lot of
facts and to recall them quickly and accurately, on demand. The training and
selection for most of our professions, from law to medicine, is based mainly on
this narrow idea. (3)
However,
the literature on creativity has long observed that the most important thing is
seeing the big patterns and seeing the unexpected connections and
novel solutions. For this, it is often the outsider who has the advantage of
seeing the unexpected pattern what the well-trained professionals within the
field somehow miss. The story of the less than fully trained and less than
fully informed outsider making the big discovery is in fact a commonplace in
the history of science.
By
his own report, as we have already noted, Albert Einstein relied more on his
mental images than the kinds of mathematics used by his associates. Indeed, as
we have noted, as Einstein became a better mathematician, several have argued
that his creativity became considerably diminished, as his approach became more
mathematical (more conventional) and less visual (less original). It is
striking that this pattern was noted separately both by the physicist Richard
Feynman and the scientist and author Abraham Pais.
One
mathematician of Einstein’s own era, David Hilbert, a great admirer of
Einstein's work, came close himself to some of the early basic insights
involved in general relativity. Yet Hilbert did not claim any share of
Einstein's major accomplishment. However, he did make clear, with no small
amount of exaggeration, that Einstein's ideas came from other places than his
mathematical skill. “Every boy on the streets of Göttingen,” he said, “understands more about
four-dimensional geometry than Einstein. Yet, in spite of that, Einstein did
the work and not the mathematicians.” (4)
I was
pleased to see the authors of the Wired
story acknowledge these observations. But I was even more pleased to see them
focus on the skills and approach of a computer graphics artist--one who saw the
solution to the disease process as “just a graphics puzzle” involving “membrane
geometry.” Since (in the story) they
were all using virtual reality (VR) simulations of the microbes, he could
visualize directly the various structures. Because of the VR images, he did not
have to rely on years of training and experience to build a crude personal
mental image of what was going on at the surface of the molecule.
It is
quite easy to imagine that someday soon discoveries such as this may be
routinely expected with powerful graphic computers and as that high-quality VR
and high bandwidth Internet connections have become more and more widely
available. With such technological developments, a lot of previously
unrecognized talent could come quickly and unexpectedly into play. In the end,
of course, you need both the experts and the outsiders. You also need a large
and varied team with many kinds of training and native talents in order to find
solutions as well as implement remediation programs. In the not too distant
future, with the widespread use of new visualization technologies, perhaps we
will all grow to have a greater appreciation of what each person, and each kind
of brain, can bring to such a problem, whether in medicine or other areas.
Around
the World in 80 Hours
In
his Science essay, Dr. Lederberg,
pointed out that in our competition with microbes many of our recent technical
and economic advances play right into the strengths of the fast-adapting, tiny
creatures. We live longer and world population grows, doubling twice in the
last century, fostering “new vulnerabilities.” There is greater crowding,
making disease transmission between individuals easier. Continued destruction
of forests brings greater contact with disease-carrying animals and insects.
Increased freedom in travel and trade further compound these problems. “Travel
around the world,” he says, “can be completed in less than 80 hours (compared
to the 80 days of Jules Verne's 19th-century fantasy), constituting a historic
new experience.”
Everywhere
this long-distance travel has become frequent and routine: “Well over a million
passengers, each one a potential carrier of pathogens, travel daily by aircraft
to international destinations. International commerce, especially in
foodstuffs, only adds to the global traffic of potential pathogens and vectors
[carriers]. Because the transit times of people and goods are now so short
compared to the incubation times of disease, carriers of disease can arrive at
their destination before the danger they harbor is detectable, reducing health
quarantine to a near absurdity.”
Dr.
Lederberg also points out that when it comes to the pathological development of
microbes, we may be our own worst enemies. He observes that “the darker corner
of microbiological research is the abyss of maliciously designed biological
warfare (BW) agents and systems to deliver them. What a nightmare for the next
millennium! What's worse, for the near future, technology is likely to favor
offensive BW weaponry. . . .” The events of years since 2000 have, of course,
made Dr. Lederberg’s words even more troubling.
Brilliant
Flashes
Consequently,
in the long run as well as the short run, we can see that it is indeed our wits
against their genes. And it will always be so. Mostly, as Dr. Lederberg
explains, we now see that microbes are essential supports for our lives and our
world. They are everywhere--and mostly they are on our side, more or less.
However, we do need to be aware that in spite of medical successes and a wiser
understanding of ecological perspectives, that serious problems probably lie
ahead.
We
know more, but our economic and political successes may create enormous future
problems. However, we may take some heart in expecting that the spread of new
visualization technologies (among other things) may help to promote a more
comprehensive view of our whole situation--promoting strong visual thinkers to
make wiser decisions about the future for us all. And, with some luck, we may
learn to explicitly appreciate the full value of digital artists (and those
like them)--and their real life potential to be true global heros if the worst
were to happen.
While
we have learned to think more in terms of ecology than warfare, we all now know
that we can never stop searching for new ways to protect ourselves. We can
never adapt through our own genes as quickly as the microbes can. We must find
other ways. So, we have to use our wits and we must learn to use all the
different kinds of cleverness and inventiveness that we have among
us--especially among those who might be best suited to seeing patterns and
structures that might be missed by the experts. We need to search a broader
field with greater success. Because we can never stop.
(1)
Joshua Lederberg, “Infectious History,” in Science
magazine, April 14, 2000, pp. 287-293. Part of series, “Pathways of Discovery.”
Dr. Lederberg is a Sackler Foundation Scholar heading the Laboratory of
Molecular Genetics and Informatics at the Rockefeller University in New York
City. He is a Nobel Laureate (1958) for his research on genetic mechanisms in
bacteria. This
piece was first written as one in a series of columns for the ACM-SIGGRAPH in-house
publication, Computer Graphics.
Subsequently, it was included in my book Thinking
Like Einsetin.
(2) Since this column first
appeared in Computer Graphics in
November 2000, much has happened since then to underscore the relevance of Dr.
Lederberg’s essay and the Wired
fictional story.
(3) Wired, “Savior of the Plague Years
1996-2020,” in Wired Scenarios: 1.01, special supplement to Wired magazine, Fall 1995, pp. 84-148.
By the staff of Wired magazine. Image
manipulation by Eric Rodenbeck.
(4) Quoted in West, In
the Mind’s Eye, 1997, p. 122.
